Impact of Science and Technology on the Development of...

The Impact of Science and Technology to Society Albert Einstein (1921) The rapid rise of modern science has created major social problems. Not only has science created profoundly affected man’s material way of life it also offered an equally profound mental upheaval. As resulted from the changes it has effected in man’s rational understanding of his environment and his attitude toward knowledge. Materials life has primarily felt the technological knowledge growing out of industrial application of scientific discoveries, techniques, and methods. At the same time, the increased awareness and the understanding of nature and the enlightened attitude toward knowledge have seriously impinged upon man’s religious faith and outlook. These†¦show more content†¦If calamity destroys the capital city of a certain country, community life becomes slower; transportation, food distribution, manufactured goods, professional services, and power distribution would be a remote possibility. Through technological application, science has become the material basis for civilization. Civilization becomes daily more complex through applications of science; and with that growing complexity there develops the weakness based on the fact that civilization would be seriously impaired by the destruction of only a few of its parts. Science has many faces. It is the man in the white coat; the mechanical brain; the E-mc2. Science could also be a monster that could turn on its creator in times of depression and uncertainty. Science is the fulfillment of hope. It is the cure to one’s illness and the torchbearer in times of great try. Science adored man’s curios instinct for it bridges illusion from reality. Science is pro-human. Through the development of machines, science provides solace from backbreaking physical and manual labor. Modern technology could prolong life in countless ways. Science break the chains of superstition, provide market venue for technological products. The leisure of technology made distance irrelevant. Science created a global village ruled by rational and sociable individuals. On the other hand, science by the very technological progress, which itShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of the Scientific Revolution Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesNeedham. According to some excerpts from â€Å"Why Europe?† by Jack Gladstone and â€Å"China, Technology and Change† by Lynda Norene Shaffer, the work of these notable men can be traced back to having a significant role in the scientific focus of modern society, or what we now know to be the â€Å"Scientific Revolution† of the seventeenth century. In a world where we are desperately dependent on advancements in modern science, we rarely stop to think about what got us to this point. We all too often overlookRead MoreImpact Of Technology On The Development Of Civilization1407 Words   |  6 PagesIn contemporary society, science has played a more pivotal role than technology in the development of civilization. The purpose of science is to develop a vast breadth and depth of data and knowledge to enable us to understand why things are the way they are (Oberdan 26). On the other hand, technology is used to improve real problems based on justified beliefs and organizational systems (Oberdan 28). Without the knowledge and understanding of science, innovation would be lessened and society wouldRead MoreThe Impact of Computer Science on Health Care Medicine1283 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Computer Science on Health Care amp; Medicine Abstract Computer science can be defined as the systematic study of algorithmic processes, their theory, design, analysis, implementation and application. Its functions in the modern society today expand far beyond the uses one could even begin to imagine. Specifically, there is an increased influence in its practical application in the field of medicine. In recent times, an interdependent relationship between medicineRead MoreThe Legend Of Dante s Aeneid1286 Words   |  6 PagesRemus, this then linking Rome with the greatness and power which was once Troy. The Roman empire was a very complex civilization that had managed to spread to various places of the ancient world. Noticeably, The entity had an underlying impact on religion since during this era Christianity rose to prominence all around the world. The civilization contributed significantly to the development of literature with notable figures, such as Cicero writing creative works of literature. During this period theRead M oreGreece s Impact On The World1335 Words   |  6 Pagesbefore and learned from their mistakes; sort of like time traveling. When going back in time and comparing the ancient civilizations of Rome and Greece to today, the root of our knowledge is greatly influenced on the minds who have lived at that time. Some may ask which civilization had the most impact on United States and the world? Many would say that the Romans had the most impact on United States and the world and some may contradict and say Greece had the most influence. However, Greece influencedRead MoreThe Modern Era And Its Impact On The World1086 Words   |  5 PagesThe Modern period is a cultural movement that has a lasting impact on the world. The Romantic period provoked everyone to rebellion and two of the greatest revolutions, the American and French, were an outcome of that period. Thus, the Modern period was born when the Romantics faded out and this shift in culture changed the world forever. Modernism ch anged the way people lived in a number of different reasons, but there are three that stood out from the rest. The Modern Era changed the world throughRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of The Renaissance798 Words   |  4 PagesAustin Groshens HIST 103- Western Civilization 1 12/3/2017 Section Three: Essay Renaissance While the renaissance period of history is long over, it dramatically impacted the modern world. Some of the great discoveries in science, developments in the arts, architecture, and humanism took place during this period of history. The results had major impacts on politics at that time as well into the future. The renaissance left both positive and negative influences on the world as we know it.Read MoreGreece s Impact On The World1360 Words   |  6 Pagesbefore and learned from their mistakes; sort of like time traveling. When going back in time and comparing the ancient civilizations of Rome and Greece to today, the root of our knowledge are greatly influenced on the minds who have lived at that time. Some may ask which civilization had the most impact on United States and the world? Many would say that the Romans had the most impact on United States and the world and some may contradict and say Greece had the most influence. However, Greece influencedRead MoreMathemati cal Connection Project1749 Words   |  7 Pages Mathematical Connection Project University of Phoenix MTH 110 The Impact of Mathematics on Daily Social Activities In society today people deal with some kind of problem solving method that involves math. Thanks to the mathematicians from the past and present we are able to evolve as a society with advancements on medicine, technology and able to travel into space. The impact that Euclid, Al-Khwarizmi, Rudolf Laban, William Higinbotham, Galileo Galilei have hadRead MoreEssay about Early Humans and the Environment907 Words   |  4 Pagesand the Environment Early humans were quite different from modern humans. Modern humans have many technologies and advances that we take for granted. In my lifetime (1982 - present) I have seen the five and a half inch floppy yield to the dvd, cloning of sheep and other advances in the fields of math, science, and engineering. Humans and Pre-Humans have always been developing, either intentionally or unintentionally, technologies that were either necessary for the continuation of life, or for

My Year At The Winner City Pool - 848 Words

In my eighteen years of my life, this summer has by far been the most memorable. It was filled with many great memories during these past three months. This summer was filled with a lot of fun, excitement, nerves, and sadness. Summer started one week early, but other than that it was pretty much the same as every other summer. I spent a lot of my time working, with my friends and family, and in the gym. This year was my fourth year working as a lifeguard at the Winner city pool. Every year I have worked, we only had to jump in for kids around three times the whole summer, and this year we jumped in over ten times. I had to jump into the deepest part of the pool, which is twelve feet deep and grab a little boy who started sinking after he jumped off the diving board. It was not hard because he was light and I could just grab his arm and pull him to the ladder but it was very scary, and I was a little shaken up afterwards. Also this year I did my third year of private swimming lessons. Usually I give around ten to twelve lessons a summer and this year I doubled that and had twenty-seven kids for lessons. Lessons were very hard to schedule this year since I was so busy so working at the pool and teaching kids basically consumed my whole summer. Just like any other summer, I was with my friends and family a lot. My friends and I would go to the outdoor movie theater almost every Sunday night since it was cheap night and we always sat in the back row and never watched the movie,Show MoreRelatedHow Sports Can Help Someone Out Socially843 Words   |  4 Pages1) Sports have played an important role in my life ever since I was very young. Because of sports, I am very confident in myself. Although many people believe sports are just to have fun and stay active, I believe that their influence leaves more behind. I believe that playing sports can help someone out socially, physically, and mentally. Participating in sports has completely and utterly transformed me into the person that I am today. 2) I believe playing sports can help many people throughoutRead MoreMy Experience With A Lifeguard At The Winner City Pool867 Words   |  4 PagesIn my eighteen years of my life, this summer has surely been the most memorable. It was filled with countless wonderful memories during these past three months. This summer was filled with loads of amusement, excitement, nerves, and sadness. Summer started one week early, however, other than that it was to an extent, the same as the other summers. I spent a vast deal of my time working, with my friends and family, and in the gym. This year marked my fourth year working as a lifeguard at the WinnerRead MoreAnalysis Of F. Scott Fitzgerald s Great Gatsby 822 Words   |  4 Pagessay he grew up very lower middle class. Fitzgerald’s views of relationships began at an early age. 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Online Enrollment Related Study Free Essays

I was able to use the student enrollment system of University of Ulster for the first time and it was a WEB based enrollment system/application. A web application or web app is an application that is accessed via the Internet or an Intranet. Web applications are popular due to ubiquity of the client. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Enrollment Related Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ability to update and maintain web applications without distributing and installing software on potentially thousands of client computers are key reasons for their popularity. A significant advantage of building web applications to support a standard browser feature is the ability to perform as specified, regardless of the operating system installed on a given client and it enables the students, faculty, and administrators of the institution to gain 24-hour access and use to the proposed system via a client computer without any needs of installing or distributing any software. The Automated Enrollment System of University of Ulster aims for an accurate, user friendly, efficient system that can help both the student and personnel for fast data processing of enrollment. And now we are going to talk whether we have achieved that aim or not. I was able to use the student enrollment system of University of Ulster for the first time and it was a WEB based enrollment system/application. A web application or web app is an application that is accessed via the Internet or an Intranet. Web applications are popular due to ubiquity of the client. The ability to update and maintain web applications without distributing and installing software on potentially thousands of client computers are key reasons for their popularity. A significant advantage of building web applications to support a standard browser feature is the ability to perform as specified, regardless of the operating system installed on a given client and it enables the students, faculty, and administrators of the institution to gain 24-hour access and use to the proposed system via a client computer without any needs of installing or distributing any software. How to cite Online Enrollment Related Study, Papers

Legal Issues for Accountants

Question: Discuss about the Legal Issues for Accountants. Answer: Introduction On the basis of the given case study, the remedies available to a person under the Australian Contract Law, as well as, the Australian Consumer Law have been analyzed. Issue Whether Brad has any rights against the University of Kew? Whether the rights would be different in case the fee paid amounts to $30,000, instead of $60,000? Rule A contract is formed when one party promises the other party to do a certain task, in exchange for a consideration[1]. In order to form a contract, certain essential elements have to be present. These elements include an offer, a consideration, an acceptance, intent, certainty and capacity[2]. In order to form a contract, the first essential is an offer. Generally, before an offer is formally made, some pre-contractual representations are made and these are known as an invitation to treat. In the case of Partridge v Crittenden[3], it was held that an advertisement placed in a newspaper is an invitation to treat and not an offer to sell. However, in the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co[4], it was held that the advertisement was an offer, as the wordings of such advertisement showed a clear intent. So, to establish the difference between an offer and an invitation to treat, the intentions of the parties have to be considered[5]. The next essential of a contract is the acceptance. The acceptance on the offer has to be gained, in order to establish a contract. Such acceptance has to be made by the parties to whom the offer was made. A unilateral offer can be accepted by anyone, especially when such offer is made to the general public[6]. A consideration is a crucial element in a contract and such consideration can be anything which is decided amongst the parties to the contract as was held in the case of Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd[7]. The parties to the contract should have the intention to enter into a legally binding contract. Such intention can be either express or implied. The intention to enter into a contract was established in the case of Rose Frank Co v JR Crompton Bros Ltd[8]. The next essential to formulate a contract is the certainty regarding the terms of the contract. When such terms are incomplete or uncertain, no contract is considered to have been formed[9]. Further, the parties to contract should have the legal capacity to enter into a contract. Misrepresentation takes place when one party provides false information to the other party, before a contract is created, with an intention to induce the other party to enter into a contract[10]. Such false information has to relate to a material fact of the contract, as against a statement of promise or an opinion. Claims made in an advertisement are not considered as representations of fact and hence, are not taken as misrepresentation. However, when factual statements are stated in the advertisement, it is a statement of fact and hence, a misrepresentation can be established if such a statement is false. In case a party relied on the misrepresented facts and suffered a loss as a result of such reliance, the aggrieved party can get the contract rescinded, or sue for compensation of the losses[11]. However, when a breaching party can establish that they had reasonable reasons to believe that the statement was true, the breaching party may get a relief from the court and can be relived from paying the damages. At times, there are such clauses in a contract which cancels the liability of a party in case of certain happenings. These clauses are known as exclusion clauses are considered as valid when such contracts have been properly included in the contract, and as long as they are not unlawful[12]. And when such contract is signed, the exclusion clause has the similar effects, as any other clause in the contract. This signed contract, containing the exclusion contract, is considered as a valid and legally binding contract. However, when an exclusion clause contains such terms whereby the applicability of statutes is excluded, such clause is considered as illegal[13]. The traders have certain obligations towards the customers, which are provided as per the relevant statutes and hence, an exclusion clause, which has the effect of excluding the applicability of statues, is not legal. In cases when the interpretation of an exclusion clause is ambiguous, the interpretation which is most favorable for the consumers is adopted. Further, the doctrine of contra proferentem states that when the terms of an agreement are unambiguous, the meaning of such term has to be taken in a way which is against the interests of the party who provided such terms[14]. This doctrine in applied in such circumstances where the standardized contracts are used and when the parties do not have equal bargaining powers. The costs of loss, in such cases, have to be borne by the parties who are in the best position to avoid such a loss. This rule is generally applied in the cases where the exclusion clause is ambiguous and as per this doctrine, such exclusion clause is construed against the party who inserted the exclusion clause. The Australian Consumer Law, through the Section 18(1) prohibits a person, during the course of commerce or trade, from engaging in such conduct which is deceptive or misleading in nature, or is likely to deceive or mislead[15]. This section is applicable not only on the persons, but also on the corporations[16]. To establish a deceptive conduct, an intention to deceive has to be established and a fraud has to be proved. But to establish a misleading conduct, no intention has to be proved. A strict liability is imposed, by the prohibition of misleading conduct, to not lead any other party into an error in any dealings[17]. Any false advertisement is covered in this section and so a misleading advertisement is prohibited as per this section[18]. Such misleading or deceptive conduct has to be made during the course of commerce or trade. The courts interpret this in a broad sense and hence, any sort of commercial activity is covered under misleading conduct, including such dealings which have been made before entering into a contract. In the case of Singtel Optus Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission[19], the advertisement of providing unlimited download data plan by Signtel Optus was construed as misleading and deceptive conduct. Further, a penalty on Signtel Optus was to the amount of $3,610,000[20] to be paid to the Commonwealth for such misleading and deceptive conduct. Another case of misleading representation was established in the case of ACCC v Cadbury Schweppes Pty Ltd[21], where the contention of the claimant that the product contained fruit extracts, was held as misleading. As stated above, a false or misleading representation about the services or goods, under the Australian Consumer Law, is considered as an offence. Some of the examples of misrepresentations include history of particular use; price; a specified standard, grade, style or quality of product; and goods or services having the necessary approvals or sponsorships[22]. In cases where the aggrieved party can be partly blamed for the damage or loss suffered by such party, than as per the section 137(b) of the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 (CCA) [23], the liability of such damages can be reduced[24]. However, this section is not provided in the Australian Consumer Law and so, a person who is engaged in a misleading conduct, has to bear the full responsibility for the loss incurred by the other party, even when the other party was to be partly blamed for the loss suffered. But in cases where such person is a corporation, the provisions of the CCA, are applicable on it, and accordingly, a reduction of damages can be claimed for the contributory fault of the other party. An inclusion of such a clause in the contract, which has the effect of removing the potential liability arising out of legislation, is not allowed. The Courts are of the view that the parliament has established a set standard of conduct through the relevant legislatures and so, it is not possible to take such standards out of a contract[25]. As long as a person has been misleading, during the course of commerce or trade, a contract cannot remove this fact. This is applicable irrespective of the fact, if the clause is a main clause or an exclusion clause. In order to claim damages against an action involving misleading conduct, it has to be brought within six years of the accrual of said cause of action as stated under section 236(2) as well as 237(2) of CCA[26]. The maximum penalties, as stated under the section 151 of the CCA include a fine on body corporate of up to $1,100,000 and a fine for individuals of up to $220,000[27]. In Australia, universities have been established by a legislation which are generally the state or territorial legislations. The universities in Australia are regulated by the Corporations Act, 2001[28]. Australian universities are statutory corporations and these are governed internally by the respective enabling legislation[29]. Consumer is defined under the Section 3 of the Australian Consumer Law. As per this section, a person who acquires some particular goods or services would be considered as a consumer only if the amount payable or paid for acquiring such goods or services does not exceed $40,000[30]. Application In the present case, the advertisement placed in newspaper was a unilateral offer to the world, to enroll in the course of Doctor of Accountancy provided by University of Kew to become a Chartered Accountant or Certified Practicing Accountant. This advertisement was not an invitation to treat and to establish that the words of the advertisement have to be analyzed. Anyone could enroll in the course, and there was no restriction to suggest it was an invitation to treat, as was established in the case of Partridge v Crittenden. Further, the wordings of the advertisement clearly establish that the intent was to enroll students into the said course, no matter what their qualification was. So, it was a valid offer. Here, the application signed by Brad can be deemed as a contract. There was an offer for the course; this offer was accepted in form of enrolling for the said course; a consideration in form of student fee of $60,000 was involved; intention has already been established; Brad had the capacity to enter into a contract; and lastly, there was a clarity regarding the terms of the course. This contract contained an exclusion clause in large red font. As stated above, an exclusion clause is valid as long it is lawful. Here, the exclusion clause contained three segments. The first segment of this exclusion contract makes the unlawful as this clause excludes the applicability of statues. The next part of this clause denies the reliance of any misrepresentation by an employee or by the University. Again, this clause is unlawful. The last part of this clause is contrary to the offer that was made. In the offer, the duration of the course as well as the outcome of the course was mentioned. So, this clause is against the offer that was made, and hence, is contrary to the base of this contract. So, this exclusion contract is not legal. There is also a presence of misrepresentation in this case. At the time of the advertisement, in early 2013, the accreditation application was pending. But the advertisement stated that the person would become a Certified Practicing Accountant or a Chartered Accountant. The University did not have the proper authority to make this contention, as the application was still pending. So, a misrepresentation was made. The principle of contra proferentem is also applicable in this case, as Brad was given a standardized form and had no power to bargain the terms of such form. So, the clause stated in such form, would be construed against the University. So, as per the Australian Contract Law, Brad has the right to seek damages, as there a case of misrepresentation is present. Through such misrepresentation, the University induced the students to enroll into the course. And so, Brad can claim for damages in form of compensation from the University for such a misrepresentation. Also, the exclusion clause is not valid in this case. Under the Australian Consumer Law also, the University had made the misrepresentation on the basis of goods or services having the necessary approvals or sponsorships. The University did not have the proper accreditation as the application was pending. Without the proper accreditation, they could not claim to certify a person for the said qualifications. So, Brad can claim damages for the misrepresentation made under the Australian Consumer Law. Further, there was also the presence of a misleading conduct by the University. It misled the consumers into believing that the person would become a Chartered Accountant or a Certified Practicing Accountant after completing the course of Doctor of Accountancy. The University did not have the proper base to make such a contention and hence, was involved in a misleading conduct. Further, the exclusion clause is also not valid as per the Australian Consumer Law. An inclusion of such a clause in the contract, which has the effect of removing the potential liability arising out of a misleading conduct, is not allowed. Here, the exclusion clause, aiming to remove the liability of the University, arising out of the CCA, as well, as any other consumer protection legislation, is unlawful. The provisions of Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) are applicable on the University. And so the provisions of Section 18(1) of the CCA are applicable on the University[31]. The University had certain obligations, which are provided as per the relevant statutes and hence, an exclusion clause which has the effect of excluding the applicability of statues, is not legal. Further, when the application was rejected for the accreditation of the course, the University failed to disclose this material fact. And so, a misrepresentation is again established in this case. But, the value of the course enrolled was $60,000. And hence, Brad is not a consumer as per the Australian Consumer Law. So, Brad does not have any rights against the University. So, it is advised to Brad, to initiation actions against the University, for damages, under the Australian Contract Law. However, he cannot initiate any action against the University, as per the Australian Consumer Law, as he does not fall under the definition of the Consumer, as given in this act. In case where the value of the course is $30,000, instead of $60,000, Brad would be considered as a consumer, as per the Australian Consumer Law. And he would have the right to sue the University for the not only the misrepresentation, but for the misleading conduct as well. Brad has the rights to seek damages in this case in form of monetary compensation. However, since Brad failed to check the status of accreditation even when he was warned by his friends, he contributed to the damages caused by the misleading conduct, and hence, the liability of the University can be decreased in this case. So, in the second case, it is advised to Brad, to initiation actions against the University, for damages, under the Australian Contract Law, as well as the Australian Consumer Law. Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded, that Brad does not have any consumer rights, under the Australian Consumer Law in the first case. However, he does have the rights under the Australian Contract Law, as a valid contract was formed and a misrepresentation was established. And as a result, he can sue the University for damages, as per the Australian Contract Law. In the second case, he is a consumer, and so he can sue the University for damages, as per both the Australian Consumer Law, as well as, the Australian Contract Law. References Articles/Books/Reports John Orr, Australian Corporate Universities and the Corporations Act, 2012, 17(2), International Journal of Law Education, pp. 123-148 Ewan McKendrick and Qiao Liu, Contract Law: Australian Edition (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) John W. Carter, Cases and Materials on Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 6th ed, 2011) John W. Carter, Elisabeth Peden and Greg Tolhurst, Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed, 2007) Paul Latimer, Australian Business Law 2016, (OUP Australia and New Zealand, 35th edition ed, 2016) Cases ACCC v Cadbury Schweppes Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 516 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256, CA Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] AC 87 Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 2 All ER 421 Rose Frank Co v JR Crompton Bros Ltd [1924] UKHL 2 Singtel Optus Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2012] FCAFC 20 (7 March 2012) Legislation Australian Consumer Law (Cth) Australian Contract Law Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 (Cth) Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) Others Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Advertising and selling guide, 2016 https://www.accc.gov.au/publications/advertising-selling/advertising-and-selling-guide/avoid-misleading-or-deceptive-claims-or-conduct/misleading-or-deceptive-conduct Gilbert, Tobin, Singtel Optus Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2012 https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=46cac7c5-c732-4001-b553-98f620b75935 Hobart Community Legal Service Inc., Misleading or Deceptive Conduct under the ACL, 2013 https://www.hobartlegal.org.au/tasmanian-law-handbook/consumers-money-and-debts/australian-consumer-law/misleading-or-deceptive Law Teacher, Advertisement Was an Invitation to Treat, Not an Offer To Sell, 2016 https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/advertisement-was-an-invitation-to-treat-not-an-offer-to-sell-contract-law-essay.php Legal Services Commission of South Australia, Exclusion Clauses, 2011 https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s02s06.php Legal Services Commission of South Australia, False or misleading representations, 2013 https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s03s03s03.php Legal Services Commission of South Australia, Misrepresentations, 2009 https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s02s10.php Scott Alden, Alex Ottaway and Jennifer Tetstall, Australia: Drafting contracts: guidance on managing ambiguity, 2012 https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/163072/Contracts+Deeds/Drafting+contracts+guidance+on+managing+ambiguity

IT free essay sample

ID Farmers right to choose ID Transparent mechanism 10 Improve the knowledge and skills ID New market 2. Are we proportioning IT investments and targeting our development efforts in the right areas? Are we spending money efficiently and effectively? A pure trading product does not require much investment. The e-Copula model, in contrast, has required that TIC make significant investments to create and maintain its own IT network in rural India and to identify and train a local farmer to manage each e-Copula. 3.Are our IT and business leaders capable of defining and executing IT- enabled strategies? Have we opened an effective dialogue among business executives, IT executives, users, and partners? The IT system has had a positive impact on people in terms of enhanced access to market, improved incomes, and increased bargaining power. It has also terminated the monopoly that traditional had before, where traders, agents and officers took advantage of their power to impose lower prices for the people products. We will write a custom essay sample on IT or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 4. Does our IT platform enable our business to be both lean and agile?What percent-age of our IT-related activities are devoted to operating and maintaining legacy applications versus enabling business growth and strategy execution? From this case study we can know farmers can use the computer to access daily closing prices on local, as well as to track global price trends or find information about new farming techniques. They also use the e-Chopin to order seed, fertilizer, and other products such as consumer goods from TIC or its partners, at prices lower than those available from village traders.Farmers benefit from more accurate weighing, faster processing time, and prompt payment, and from access to a wide range of information, including accurate arrest price knowledge, and market trends, which help them decide when, where, and at what price to sell. 5. Are we managing IT assets and infrastructure efficiently and effectively? Is leader-ship of IT activities appropriately delega ted? Do we have the right business and IT leaders, given our goals for its use?For the profit, Uses of CIT model can increase business growth in raw materials and sales, it can also get quality improvement. With earnings increase by costs reduced. For the social effect, IT increase farmers interests, reduce the risk of farmers, production processes to reduce maternity leave, educing business fraud in, provide high quality seeds and improve the international competitiveness of India. And there have development potential to establish direct contact with suppliers and consumers, establish contact with the rural community platform. . Are we organized to identify, evaluate, and assimilate IT-enabled business innovations? Are we missing windows of opportunity to exploit emerging technologies and business models? Innovation is represented by the fact that chinchillas (computer operators) allow farmers to use technology even though they are computer illiterate. Chinchillas act as agents for TIC and allow farmers to purchase inputs and services through Internet. The Chinchillas are compensated by TIC for their services. . Is our IT infrastructure sufficiently insulated against the risks of a major operational disaster? Are the appropriate security, privacy, and risk management systems in place to ensure always on and always up service? Risks are the con natural habit inadvertently changes and people cannot understand the new operation model. Next is legal problem and costs problem. After that is the problem of illiteracy, distrust and suspicion, technical risk.

Apple Corporation Social and Ethical Responsibility

Apple Corporation Social and Ethical Responsibility Introduction The Apple Corporation is a multinational company that specializes in different types of electronics, among them computer software, commercial servers, phones, and also personal computers. In 2006, Foxconn, one of Apples final assembly supplier in China, faced press allegations of poor working and living conditions. As a result, Apple had inspections conducted at 11 factories. Since then, Apple has conducted supplier audits of all its suppliers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Apple Corporation Social and Ethical Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper examines Apple’s ethical and social responsibilities and their impacts on its reputation. The paper will further discuss the methods Apple can utilize to make sure its standards on wage and benefits are adhered to, determine the impacts of increased prices of goods on customer purchasing behavior, and provide an analysis o f Apple’s current marketing strategy. Apples Current Position on Ethical and Social Responsibilities In all its annual Supplier Code of Conduct reports, Apple states its ethical and social responsibilities. The latest report elaborated the company’s commitment to openness and transparency, accountability, labor, and human rights, worker empowerment, environment, health, and safety. Ethical Responsibilities Apple has a set of standards that govern its suppliers ethical conduct. The company has set standards to safeguard its workers’ health and well being by establishing safety standards to improve workplace conditions. The company also empowers its workers technically and professionally. In its responsibilities to protect its workers human rights, Apple has put measures to protect labor and human rights. In conformity to international standards on labor, the report limits a week’s work to 60 hours and voluntary overtime (Apple Supplier Code of Conduct, 201 3). Further, the company empowers its workers by providing free educational opportunities and training. As pertains the workplace environment, Apple strives to ensure workplace safety by improving working conditions, offering training on hazards, and working with the academic community (Apple Supplier Code of Conduct, 2013). Social Responsibilities The company commits itself to the protection and conservation of the environment. The report states that ‘we take great care to design environmentally sound products’ (Apple Supplier Code of Conduct, 2013, p. 25). Apple commits itself to ensure that all suppliers conserve the environment: ‘we work with suppliers to make sure they are using environmentally responsible manufacturing processes wherever those products are made’ (26).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apple has continuously be en fulfilling its ethical and social responsibilities. To maintain its progress, the company conducts audits of all its suppliers. Audit results, published in the 2013 Supplier Code of Conduct reports, indicate that the company has observed its ethics and responsibilities. Audit results conducted on all its facilities indicate that 77% of its suppliers complied with labor and human rights. In instances that suppliers did not comply with the set standards, the company safeguarded the right of the employees and demanded compensation and other necessary actions (Apple Supplier Code of Conduct, 2013). The company has so far continued to observe its ethical and social responsibilities. This can be measured by the following examples of actions taken on suppliers who did not adhere to set standards. The elimination of child labor by Foxconn supplier. The Apple Supplier Code of Conduct (2011) recorded a decrease in child labor cases in its Foxconn supplier. The termination of its business with a facility that presented falsified payroll records and provided misleading interview answers during an auditing (Apple Supplier Code of Conduct, 2011). Impact of the Publication on Ethics and Social Responsibility on Apple’s Reputation Although Apple has suffered press allegations and NGO criticism on its practices, it is highly ranked by its customers. The fact that, in a survey on Corporate Reputation and Social Responsibility Rankings (2010) in U.S Apple was rated six by consumers, pertains its social responsibility. Its diversity of products also made it difficult for its consumers to adapt their consumption. This character was outstanding and acted as strength to winning consumer loyalty (Yoffie Renee, 2010). A report by Students Scholars against Corporate Misbehavior found that publication of suicide in Foxconn in 2010 by various media houses and blogs did not have any effect on Apple’s revenue levels (Workers as Machines: Military Management in Foxconn, 2010, para.2). Another indication that the company’s reputation was not affected was the launch of a new product, the iPhone 4 less than four months after the publications. The product’s uniqueness and functions led to huge sales (Diaz, 2010). The launch of the new product into the market sold the masked news on the harsh living and working conditions of workers who designed the products.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Apple Corporation Social and Ethical Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Suppliers adherence to wage and benefits standards In its commitment to safeguarding its standard on wage and benefits, the company can apply the following methods to ensure that its suppliers adhere to stated standards. Application of compliance monitoring Although an audit is conducted annually, several compliance checks would be necessary to ensure that the company’s regulations are followed. The application of announced and unannounced compliance monitoring will keep its suppliers at its toes and ensure that it complies with all stated regulations. Introduction of strict penalties Application of heavy penalties would make sure that suppliers pay their employees’ wages and benefits. Companies that do not want to be penalized would make sure that they adhere to the stated rules. In cases of gross misconduct, the company could terminate its services with the retailer completely by giving them a grace period with assurance or termination of services. No supplier would want to lose their contract. Impact of Increase in Products Price to Customers I believe that the increase in the price of products would not affect computer buying trends largely. The company has so far managed to meet the consumer demands of the public. The uniqueness and advancement of products have led to the creation of loyalty among consumers. Thus, it caters for consumer needs in the ma rket, a factor that makes it outdo other companies. With innovation, Apple can easily apply the value culture to its targeted customer. According to this culture, when customers are satisfied with a certain product, they would be willing to pay more for the perceived value of the product. As a matter of fact, with innovations, I strongly believe that the company would increase the selling price of its products to improve the remuneration of its members of staff. Apple can apply the philosophy of value culture versus cost culture. This philosophy does not necessarily consider what is thought as fair, but what is competitively achievable, and especially for goods sold at a high price and relatively lower value of products made (Sethi, 2012). Consequently, I believe that despite the competition, Apple is capable of setting new unequaled standards and price that perfectly suits its target class and at the same time generates revenue and increases the wages of its members of staff.Advert ising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apple’s Current Marketing Strategy Apple does not rely on media advertisements marketing strategy. Its greatest market strategy is based on selling value and not the price. The product itself acts as a marketing tool and work of mouth on the goodness of the product is all that markets products from Apple. Marketing strategies employed include: Branding Apple has employed the use of emotional and hopeful messages to promote consumer perceptions of its brand. The Company employs advertisements that bring out peoples’ emotions. The color and presentation of their products make people want to be connected with the company. The brand represents a lifestyle, innovation, dreams, and technology power that makes many people want to relate to Apple. Quantity versus Quality The company’s approach to quality, seen in varieties of commodities in the market, remains more quality and less in quantity. Apple’s ability to innovate and sustain varieties of its products to cater to consumer needs is seen as the ingestion of its products rise. They have different products offering almost the same services. A person would be spoilt for choice in buying an iPod, iPad, or iTunes. Innovation Through its innovativeness, Apple creates a competitive environment for its rivals. The company invests in time, packaging their products. They make sure that designing and packaging is impressive and satisfactory. This has led to the introduction of impressive products into the market that would make one not think about their prices but the quality and service. Consumer Needs Another marketing strategy employed by the company is considering customers’ needs and creating a communication to cater for their needs using innovative products. Apple combines the striking jargons for those who prefer, but they go beyond that and focus more on the beneficial outcomes than the customer. For instance, they do not just show catchphrases like ‘glass that it edge to ed ge’ retina and so on, but their presentation is more of captivating to learn not to fear. Recommendations To improve its competitive environment in the global market, Apple needs to make a more user-friendly application system. Applications that can run with its operating system can only be downloaded from an application store. This makes its users lack the choice of varieties. Its introduction would encourage the use of different applications of its products. Android, Apple’s competitor, has products that have more distribution channels, making their products more user-friendly in terms of accessing applications. The company should also strive to eradicate the anti-capitalist idea associating its products at high prices. This can be accomplished by introducing the production of cheap and quality merchandise. The achievement will cater to all groups of interests in the market. Android, a vital competitor in the market, has products retailing at from 65$ to 500$. Androi d has created a general impression in the society that the company recognizes all groups of people. As a result, it serves people from different economic capabilities. Conclusion Apple’s achievements root in their competence in innovativeness. This has led to consumer satisfaction. The company offers products that cater to the technology needs of the existing marketplace. The originality of their products also increases consumer consumption rates. Originality also makes consumers increase their confidence in the company’s quality of merchandise. References Apple Supplier Responsibility: 2011 Progress Report. (2011). Web. Apple Supplier Responsibility: 2013 Progress Report.(2013). Web. Corporate Reputation and Social Responsibility Rankings. (2010). Web. Diaz, J. (2010).â€Å"iPhone 4: The Definitive Guide.† Web. Sethi, P. (2012). Two Faces of Apple. Web. Workers as Machines: Military Management in Foxconn. Students Scholars Against Corporate Misbehavior. (2010) . Web. Yoffie, B. Renee, K. (2010). Apple Inc. in 2010. Web.

GENETICLY MONDIFIED ORGANISMS AND MONSANTO Essay

GENETICLY MONDIFIED ORGANISMS AND MONSANTO - Essay Example The role of media in this regard is crucial since it the only source of communication between the general public and big biotechnological companies such as Monsanto, Novartis, Pioneer etc. It is also hard to ignore the fact that the media plays a very important role when it comes to influencing the perception of society since today, people tend to rely a lot on media and its outreach. Therefore, media has the sole power to change the notion of people about genetically modified products and the same power is misused. Scientists consider genetic engineered crops to be a boon for society however, there a millions of people who are against the technology simply because the technology as a whole and the risks associated with it is either not clear or are misinterpreted to them. It is often hard for a society as a whole to accept a new form of technology. Genetically Modified crops may have already reached the shelves of the supermarkets yet even today the risks and concerns associated to GMO crops are perceived negatively by society. Safety is the first concern since some instances have shown that GM crops may not be as safe as they appear to be. For example a U.S. company Pioneer Hi-Bred modified soybeans and introduced a gene from Brazilian nuts that could enhance production of sulfur-rich amino acids but on further tests showed that the product which was actually meant for animal feed was an allergen to humans. The concept was not pursued any further by the company(Jones, 1999).Statistical findings about Monsanto’s products such as modified corn MON 863 and MON 810 by researchers showed that in contrast to Monsanto’s reports toxic these corns were detrimental to human health (Vendemois et al, 2010). Â  .Risks associated with GMOs also inc lude interbreeding between modified and wild types giving rise to potentially

The Concept of Multicultural Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Concept of Multicultural Education - Essay Example In fact, multicultural education represents a response to the dynamically changing demographic situation observed in the United States. According to the most recent projections, by 2020 approximately 46 percent of the whole public school student population will be children of color and more than 20 percent will be from poor families (Banks, 1997). Evidently, addressing the diverse learning needs of such population is a pressing task faced by the US educational system. However, the monocultural approach that has traditionally been the cornerstone of American education mostly focuses on the values, instructions and content of middle class Eurocentric student population. Such focus substantially complicates the process of learning the academic knowledge for students of different cultural and social background: the incompatibility between the culture of ethnic and social minority students and the educational approach based on the values of majority seriously affects achievement and contributes to academic failure of students (Nielson, 1991). Therefore, an increasingly multicultural student population in the US stresses the need to address the systemic, curricular, and pedagogical barriers that negatively affect academic performance and achievement of minority students. Furthermore, the concept of multicultural education also recognizes that "an increasingly multicultural nation and a shrinking and contentious planet at the edge of the twenty-first cen tury demands a people who are critical thinkers and able to deal with the complexities of multicultural differences" (Hanley, 2002). Many believe that multicultural educational... This paper approves that many believe that multicultural educational policies help students develop new human capabilities and new identities in order to properly respond to the increasing need to recognize cultural diversity. Multicultural education promotes the ideals of cultural and educational equity, social justice thus enabling students to reach their fully potential in learning the curriculum. The idea of multicultural education looks extremely attractive as an effective tool to reinforce the democratic multicultural society and at the same time respect the inclination of different ethnic groups to preserve their cultural traditions. This essay makes a conclusion that multiculturalism definitely has the potential to become a serious tool in reducing discrimination and inequalities in the realm of education. Multicultural education practices often fail to address the difficult task of unifying the society without neglecting the cultural and ethnic traditions of minorities. Moreover, the constantly changing society creates new challenges that can hardly be addressed within the existing framework of multicultural education. However, failure to achieve certain goals does not mean that the concept of multicultural education is futile per se. On the contrary, it should create additional motivation for scholars and teachers to look for innovations and new opportunities to meet the challenges of these days and correct the previous mistakes. Multicultural education must be changed seriously to effectively respond to the needs of this epoch.

Flinder Valves and Controls Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Flinder Valves and Controls Inc - Case Study Example Strength of FVC FVC’s strengths are the internal factors that led to the success of the in its operations. The company has a good top-management team who organizes and runs the company’s daily operations. The management team is comprised of highly innovative team that develop innovate products that are desired by their potential customers (University of Virginia, 2008). Weakness of FVS The company lacked enough finances to expand and venture into international markets. This made it experience stiff competition from highly established companies in this industry. The company also lacked the knowledge for high volume manufacturing. The company sometimes produces fewer products that do not meet customers’ demands. Low volume of production is also associated with fewer sales, which generate less revenue for the company (University of Virginia, 2008). Lack of enough resources and revenue are the principal constrains towards the company’s expansion. Strengths of RSE The company has enough resources to venture into global markets and acquire other small companies in this industry. With the enough resources, the company’s management team is capable of initiating new project activities which can add value to the business operations (Weaver & Weston, 2004). The company’s marketing strategies are well planned, and this has made it gain a bigger market share than its key rival companies. Its products are also designed in away that meet its customer’s expectations.... Strengths of RSE The company has enough resources to venture into global markets and acquire other small companies in this industry. With the enough resources, the company’s management team is capable of initiating new project activities which can add value to the business operations (Weaver & Weston, 2004). The company’s marketing strategies are well planned, and this has made it gain a bigger market share than its key rival companies. Its products are also designed in away that meet its customer’s expectations (University of Virginia, 2008). Weaknesses of RSE The company management team lacks innovative skills. The company has not developed new products over a long period, and this has made it face stiff competition from its highly innovative key rivals (University of Virginia, 2008). Low profit turn over are occasionally realized by this company, and this calls for new strategies to be implemented. Frequent changes and implementations of new strategies make th e company lose focus on its potential projects, thus making it to operate behind schedules (Beam, 2001). The Situation and Need for Negotiation Both FVC and RSE Companies want to improve on their strengths and solve their weaknesses. In order to achieve this, the companies’ presidents want to enter into a merger for mutual benefits. Both the companies want to take advantage of each others strengths so as to improve their business operations (University of Virginia, 2008). FVC want to become a subsidiary of RSE International so as to improve and maintain its identity. After the acquisition, FVC will maintain its top management team including other employees. FVC’s also wanted to take advantage of RSE’s resources to expand into the global market and improve its

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hybrid Cars Engineering Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hybrid Cars Engineering Essay Even by recently introducing hybrid vehicles to the worldwide transportation system, the need to reduce transport generated CO2 emissions is still a matter of high significance. One promising and at the same time environmentally friendly solution in terms of limiting the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is considered to be the introduction of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). In this technical report HEVs will be compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs), by surveying their technical characteristics and performance, their total cost of ownership (TOC) and their GHG and air pollution (AP) emissions. HEVs can be classified either as parallel or series due to differences at their powertrain configuration. They both use an electric motor and an engine but only parallel HEVs can use simultaneously either of them as a main power source. At series HEVs the engine charges an on-board battery unit that transmits power to the electri c motor. Reduced engine capacity, regenerative braking ability and engine shut-off capability are the main discernible characteristics of HEVs in confrontation to their equivalent conventional models.1Some of the most generally acceptable advantages of the HEVs are their low local emissions combined with a high fuel economy, the long driving range and their commercial availability but they still depended on fossil fuels and they are more expensive than conventional ICEs.2 Technical characteristics and performance Vehicle efficiency and primary energy efficiency, or otherwise well-to-wheel efficiency are the measures used in this study to compare those different drivetrain vehicles. We define the Vehicle efficiency: and, the Primary efficiency where = the useful energy at the wheels, = the energy supplied to the vehicle and = the primary energy.3 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV): For both parallel and series HEVs the vehicle efficiency is 29%. Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV): The max efficiency ay ICEs is achieved near the max load point. The mean efficiency is relatively low since no max power can be achieved in normal driving conditions. At mean required power of 10kW the efficiency is low around 18% whereas around 60-90kW reaches up to 35-40%.4 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV): An electric motor, connected with a generator and a system of transmission forms the main function of BEVs. Due to the development of advanced electronic control systems, the mean energy efficiency over a normal drive schedule has increased both for generators and electric motors.5 The potential vehicle efficiency is 61%. The difference in efficiency between hybrid and conventional vehicles can be partly justified by the use of Atkinson-cycle in the hybrid vehicle engines instead of the Otto cycle in the ICEs.6 In cases where the Atkinson cycle is applied to a well modified Otto cycle engine it results to high fuel economy that can be explained by the lower per displacement power than the traditional ICE four stroke engine. When more power is needed, an electric motor can supplement the engine power which is the basis of an Atkinson cycle working hybrid-electric drivetrain. Bigger work output and higher thermal efficiency than the Otto cycle while operating under similar conditions leads to higher primary efficiency in HEVs.7 In terms of acceleration, BEVs are better than both HEVs and ICEs but in high speed performances ICEs are faster than HEVs with BEVs to be the slowest.8 Total Cost of Ownership The total cost of ownership is by estimation the sum of the purchase price (Components, retail margin, battery, initial on-road costs), the operating costs (fuel, electricity, servicing) and the resale value. The purchase price is fixed for each vehicle (excluding the uncertainties in the battery prices) but in order to define the operational cost we first have to settle a representative drive cycle. In this study we will work with the AUDC (Australian Urban Drive Cycle) which is a bit more intense in the driving behavior than the common ones but still close to the NEDC (new European drive cycle) and the ARTEMIS cycle (150000 km travelled per vehicle lifetime) .9,10 Due to the large uncertainty in the vehicle battery prices we took a baseline value of $800(kWh)-1 or $16.800 [brooker,4] Furthermore, we estimated a base fuel price at $1.4 L-1 as well as a base electricity price at $0.175 kWh-1.11 In order to determine the operational cost of each vehicle we need to define the fuel and electricity consumption of our modeling vehicles. For a Class E parallel HEV the fuel consumption in L/km was calculated 5.7 whereas for the same category the CV had a consumption of 9.4 L/km. The electricity consumption of a Class E BEV is 0.11 kWh/km. It is clear that despite the entailed increase in vehicle electrification in the purchase price it is compensated with a decrease in the operational costs. Only by comparing each vehicles purchase price, the CV is the most cost effective solution of both HEVs and BEVs with the lasts to be the most costly ones mainly because of the high battery costs. On the other hand even though the BEVs have the lower running costs it is shown that the parallel HEVs are the ones with the lower Net Present value. Finally in a recent study it was suggested that even hybrid cars are a quite more expensive than the conventional ICE vehicles thay may reduce fuel consumption by 34-47% compared to them which decreases their NPV even more.12 Environmental evaluation In order to determine the environmental impact of each vehicle we will examine their air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. To estimate the total CO2 emissions we use the product of carbon intensity (CO2e/MJ) by fuel producers, energy intensity (MJ/km) by car producers and demand (km) by car drivers. In Hybrid (gasoline) vehicles the CO2 emissions are 20 gCO2/MJ and 220 gCO2/MJ delivered to vehicle wheels during production and vehicle life cycle respectively. In ICEs the emissions during production and life cycle are 50 gCO2/MJ and 300 gCO2/MJ whereas in BEVs (electricity production from coal) are 320 gCO2/MJ and approximately 0 gCO2/MJ respectively. It is interesting to notify that in case were electricity production comes from renewable sources (wind) the emission at the production stage of BEV are almost defeasance.13,14 Table1 Environmental impact associated with vehicle production stages Type of car GHG emissions (kg) AP emissions (kg) Conventional 3595.8 8.74 Hybrid 4156.7 10.10 Electric 9832.4 15.09 In both HEVs and BEVs we must also consider the environmental impact of batteries. We assume that both vehicles use NiMeH batteries of 53kg (1,8kWh capacity) and 430kg( 27kWh capacity), respectively. The production of those batteries require 1.96MJ of electricity and 8.35MJ of liquid petroleum gas.15 With those data and considering that the number of batteries per life of vehicle is 2 for hybrids and 3 for electrics, the total GHG emission per life of vehicle are more than 12 times higher in BEVs. Finally in order to compare the total GHG and AP emissions for ICE, BEV and HEVs we will consider the scenario that electricity is produced only from renewable energy sources. In that case ICE vehicles are the most polluting ones with almost double GHG and AP emissions than hybrid vehicles and 10 times more than BEV vehicles (450/235/40 g CO2,equivalent /mile respectively).16 Table2 Total environmental impact for different vehicles Car Type GHG emissions(kg) /100 km of travelling AP emissions(kg) /100 km of travelling Conventional ICE 21.4 0.0600 Hybrid HEV 13.3 0.0370 Electric BEV 2.31 0.00756 The average travelling distance during a 10 year vehicle life time is 241,350km.17 We must say here that in any scenario for electricity production the BEV are still the most environmentally friendly vehicles. Furthermore, hybrid cars may reduce Well-to-wheel GHG emissions to 89-103 gCO2 comparing to conventional ICE gasoline vehicles.18 Georgios Fontaras, Panayotis Pistikopoulos, Zissis Samaras, 2008, Experimental evaluation of hybrid vehicle fuel economy and pollutant emissions over real-world simulation driving cycles, Atmospheric Environment 42, 2008, 4023-4035. C.C.Chan, Fellow, IEEE, Alain Bouscayrol, Member, IEEE, and Keyu Chen, Member, IEEE, 2010, Electric, Hybrid, and fuel-Cell Vehicles: Architectures and Modeling, IEEE transactions on vehicular technology, Vol.59, No.2, February 2010. Max Ahman, 2000, Primary energy efficiency of alternative powertrains in vehicles, Energy 26, 2001, 973-989. Ecotraffic, The life of fuels, Stockholm, 1992 Kopf et al, 1997, development of a multifunctional high power system: meeting the demands of both a generator and traction drive system, Electric Vehicle Sympozium 14, Orlando (FL), 1997. Yingru Zhao, Jincan Chen, 2006, Performance analysis and parametric optimum criteria of an irreversible Atkinson heat-engine, Applied Energy 83,2006, 789-800. Shuhn-Shyurng Hou, 2006, Comparison of performances of air standard Atkinson and Otto cycles with heat transfer considerations, Energy conversion and Management 48, 2007, 1683-1690. Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, 2006, The 21st century electric car, Tesla Motors Inc. Michel Andrà ©, 2004, The ARTEMIS European driving cycles for measuring car pollutant emissions, The Science of the total environment, 334-335, 2004, 73-74. R.Sharma, C.Manzie, M.Bessede, M.J.Brear, R.H. Crawford, 2012, Conventional, hybrid and electric vehicles for Australian driving conditions Part 1: Technical and financial analysis, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 25, 2012, 238-249. Annual energy outlook 2012 with projections to 2035, 2012, U.S. energy information administration, June 2012. Oscar P.R van Vliet, Thomas Kruithof, Wim C. Turkenberg, Andre P.C. Faaij, 2010, Techno-economic comparison of series hybrid, plug in hybrid, fuel cell and regular cars, Journal of Power Sources, Vol.195, Issue 19, 2010, 6570-6585. Felix Creutzig, Emily McGlynn, Jan Minx, Ottmar Edenhofer, 2011, Climate policies for road transport revisited (1): Evaluation of the current framework, Energy Policy, 39, 2011, 2396-2406. Mikhail Granovskii, Ibrahim Dincer, Marc A.Rosen, 2006, Economic and environmental comparison of conventional, hybrid, electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, Journal of Power Sources, 159, 2006, 1186-1193. M.Rantik, 1999, Life Cycle Assessment of five batteries for Electric vehicles under different charging regimes, report, KFB-Stockholm, 1999. Tien Nguyen Jake Ward, 2010, Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Petroleum Use for Mid-Size Light-Duty Vehicles, US department of energy, Program Record (Offices of Vehicle Technologies Fuel Cell Technologies), 2010. United States Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and renewable energy. Via www.fueleconomy.gov , accessed May 15, 2005. G.J.offer, D.Howey, M.Contestabile, R.Clague, N.P.Brandon, 2010, Comparative analysis of battery electric, hydrogen fuel cell and hybrid vehicles in a future sustainable road transport system, Energy Policy, 38, 2010, 24-29.

Lab Report :: essays research papers

Hypothesis: I can successfully add vectors. Introduction: A vector is a quantity that has magnitude (speed, force, and/or length) and direction. For example, if a person is traveling East at 60 mph, then s/he is traveling in the direction East and at a magnitude of 60 mph. A scalar is a quantity with only a magnitude. Common scalars include currency, mass, time, and acceleration. It wouldn’t make sense to say the sweater costs $38.00 southwest, so we leave off the direction. The magnitude symbol ( ), an arrow, can express direction by its angle on a coordinate plane and its length, which is usually offered. In this lab, I also use the directional measurement unit of Azimuth (Az), which is conducted by starting at North and rotating clockwise to the desired angle, most probably the angle of the vector. Adding vectors, either two positive, two negative, or one of each is done most easily by resolving, or finding each vectors’ (A, B,C,†¦) x and y components. Here is an example of how to resolve then add vectors : Procedure: See lab book. Data:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trial 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magnitude (g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Direction (Az)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X (N)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Y (N) A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.00 B  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  93.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .998  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -.052 C  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  177.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .052  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -.998 D  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  270.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -1.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0 Trial  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Percent Error (%) 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.0 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.0 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  38.2 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11.8 Trial 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magnitude (g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Direction (Az)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X (N)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Y (N) A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  120.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  332.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -.563  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.06 B  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  75.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .966  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .259 C  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  150.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .500  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -.866 D  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  234.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -.809  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -.588 Trial 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magnitude (g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Direction (Az)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X (N)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Y (N) A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  170.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  277.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -1.687  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .207 B  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  200.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  60.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.732  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.00 C  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  148.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .530  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -.848 D  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  110.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  215.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -.631  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -.901   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trial 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magnitude (g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Direction (Az)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X (N)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Y (N) A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  120.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  315.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -.849  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .849 B  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  200.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  339.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -.717  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.867 C  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  300.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  138.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.007  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -2.229 D  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  110.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  265.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -1.096  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -.096 Sample Calculations:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Trial 2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion: I successfully added three out of four vectors with a percent error of 12% or less, in which the acceptable percent error was 20% or less. Analysis: Friction between the string and the pulley can have an effect on the lab because it makes the forces unnaturally low. To solve this problem, nullify friction by vibrating the force table. Another source of error may come when someone is putting the weights on the hooks of the pulleys and neglects to add the 50 grams of the hooks to their total force pulling on that particular string.

Classification of Students

Classifications of Students Students are defined as curious humans who would crave to learn mostly about everything that occurs in this world and that will happen. Like normal humans, students also have different attitudes and characteristics which are commonly alike which causes them to be divided into five different groupings, the ‘queen/king bees', the ‘bullies', the ‘universals', the ‘nerds' and the ‘losers'. In order to further know about these groups, they should be defined. To start with†¦The ‘queen/king bees' which consists of talented, smart, beautiful/handsome, rich and popular, but at the same time hardhearted and prejudice prejudice students. Most of them are mean because they feel their intense power to control students who are lower than them. They are mostly praised and are what I call the ‘heartthrobs' they make boys/girls crazy in love with them which causes them to have stalkers. Some of them are dumb and the factors th at may have raised them up are their money or their beauty. They can also be called bullies but they're bullies in a less destructive and social ways.They are mostly seen in special rooms, libraries and common classes but they are always infront. Next, the ‘universals'. They are the friend of all, from queen/king bees to the losers,except the bullies because bullies are real bad to everyone. The persons that are inclusive to the universals are talented, optimistic, smiling, jolly, lively and smart and they are mostly respected as well but they are pure in heart that they never want to be prejudice and they never want to underestimate anyone who are lower than them.They are the kind of students which are well taught in character building and they are the ones who can be true friends despite of the differences. They are mostly seen everywhere Then here comes, the ‘nerds' which are crazy smart and almost know everything out of anything! They are fond with books and computer s. They are mostly silent and weird looking. Almost all of them are bullied, sometimes they become ‘the bully's nerd' which means they are used by bullies in return, they wouldn't be bullied.Their jobs to the bullies are more on paper works because all pure bullies are dumb and the only thing they know is to hurt. They are mostly seen in the library and computer libraries. Speaking of the ‘bullies', they are the ones who are less understood. Most of them hurt others because that maybe what they learned from their houses or experience. They see other people or students as their outlets of their hatred that they can't express to the ones they hated. They are totally dumb and never wants to study.They hurt all students except the queen/king bees and the universals because they fear to hurt the ones who can stand up against them. They are mostly seen in the detention class or summer class. And last but not the least, the ‘losers'. They are dumb, untalented and mostly g et themselves in trouble. They are mostly hopeless about their future. They are ones who are very bullied. Usually, their friends are their co losers or the nerds but their group befriending a nerd is a very unusual tandem. They are mostly seen in detention class with the bullies or in the normal class right at the middle or back.

The Pledge essays

The Pledge essays I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America... We daily quote these words but we rarely take into consideration what its true meaning is. I believe all Americans should pledge their allegiance to our country my reasons are what follows. I shall pledge my allegiance in my teen years by taking programs such as Student Council, which I am Vice President of our Jr. High. And FCCLA when I get into high school which prepares you for your future and you do things like pick up trash for your community. In high school there is a mentoring program which involves you to help younger kids learn by tootering and mentoring them. Something I may be interested in when I get out of school may be the military. In the Navy I could keep my oath over seas, or the Air Force where I could hold it safe in the sky. Maybe the army where I could control it during a gun fight. It would be an honor to serve my country in a way I could be proud of. In the armed forces men and women sacrifice their lives to protect other Americans. So the men and women that have fought in wars should be appreciated for their courage. Another high point in my career will be politics. Politics are the base of this country they serve and hold their pledge by siting in a room discussing laws and other things important to controlling this nation. Without Politics are country would be lost. As soon as I am Eighteen I will vote for our. The main point I am coming to is that I am an American and my pledge will live on until I die and will hopefully rub off on to someone else who is in dire need. ...

Platypus Facts (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)

Platypus Facts (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is an unusual mammal. In fact, when its discovery was first reported in 1798, British scientists thought the creature was a hoax made by stitching together parts of other animals. The platypus has webbed feet, a bill like a duck, lays eggs, and males have venomous spurs. The plural form of platypus is a matter of some dispute. Scientists typically use platypuses or platypus. Many people use platypi. Technically, the proper Greek plural is platypodes. Fast Facts: Platypus Scientific Name: Ornithorhynchus anatinusCommon Names: Platypus, duck-billed platypusBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 17-20 inchesWeight: 1.5-5.3 poundsLifespan: 17 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Eastern Australian including TasmaniaPopulation: ~50,000Conservation Status: Near Threatened Description The platypus has a keratin bill, a broad flattened tail, and webbed feet. Its dense, waterproof fur is dark brown, becoming paler around its eyes and on its belly. The male has one venomous spur on each hind limb. Males are larger than females, but size and weight varies considerably from one individual to another. The average male is 20 inches in length, while females are around 17 inches long. Adults weigh anywhere from 1.5 to 5.3 pounds. The male platypus has a venomous spur on its hind limb. Auscape, Getty Images Habitat and Distribution The platypus lives along streams and rivers in eastern Australia, including Tasmania. It is extinct in South Australia, except for an introduced population on Kangaroo Island. Platypuses live in diverse climates, ranging from tropical rainforests to cold mountains. Platypus distribution (red: native; yellow: introduced). Tentotwo, Creative Commons License Diet and Behavior Platypuses are carnivores. They hunt worms, shrimp, insect larvae, and crayfish at dawn, dusk, and night. The platypus closes its eyes, ears, and nose when it dives and moves its bill from side to side, much like a hammerhead shark. It relies on a combination of mechanosensors and electrosensors in its bill to map its surroundings. The mechanosensors detect touch and movement, while the electrosensors sense tiny electrical charges released by muscle contractions in living organisms. The only other mammal to use electroreception to seek prey is a species of dolphin. Reproduction and Offspring Except for the echidna and platypus, mammals give birth to live young. Echidnas and platypuses are monotremes, which lay eggs. The platypus mates once each year during the breeding season, which occurs between June and October. Normally, a platypus lives a solitary life in a burrow above the water level. After mating, the male departs for his own burrow, while the female digs a deeper burrow with plugs to control environmental conditions and protect her eggs and young. She lines her nest with leaves and grass and lays between one and three eggs (usually two). The eggs are small (under half an inch) and leathery. She curls around her eggs to incubate them. The eggs hatch after about 10 days. The hairless, blind young drink milk released by pores in the mothers skin. The offspring nurse for about four months before emerging from the burrow. At birth, both male and female platypuses have spurs and teeth. The teeth drop out when the animals are very young. The females spurs drop off before she is a year old. A platypus reaches sexual maturity in its second year. In the wild, a platypus lives at least 11 years. They have been known to reach 17 years of age in captivity. Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the platypus conservation status as near threatened. Researchers estimate the number of mature animals anywhere between 30,000 and 300,000, usually settling on a number around 50,000. Threats Although protected since 1905, platypus numbers have been decreasing. The species faces habitat disruption from irrigation, dams, and pollution. Disease is a significant factor in Tasmania. However, the most significant threat is reduced water availability from human use and droughts caused by climate change. The Platypus and Humans The platypus is not aggressive. While its sting may be fatal to smaller animals, such as dogs, there has never been a documented human fatality. The animals venom contains defensin-like proteins (DLPs) that cause swelling and excruciating pain. Additionally, a sting results in heightened pain sensitivity that may persist for days or months. If you want to see a living platypus, you have to travel to Australia. As of 2017, only select aquariums in Australia house the animals. The Healesville Sanctuary in Victoria and the Taronga Zoo in Sydney have successfully bred platypuses in captivity. Sources Cromer, Erica. Monotreme Reproductive Biology and Behavior. Iowa State University. April 14, 2004.Grant, Tom. The platypus: a unique mammal. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-86840-143-0.Groves, C.P. Order Monotremata. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.Moyal, Ann Mozley. Platypus: The Extraordinary Story of How a Curious Creature Baffled the World. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8018-8052-0.Woinarski, J. A.A Burbidge. Ornithorhynchus anatinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T40488A21964009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T40488A21964009.en

Organizational Structures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Structures - Research Paper Example The Metadata servers today enable the organizations to opt for a centralized storage, retrieval and sharing of data, which are more in tandem with the flat and lean organizational structures. Flat and lean organizational structures supported by Metadata servers do allow the organizations to lower costs, simplify systems support and to respect data integrity. Any operating organization needs to affiliate to a specific organizational structure in order to fulfill its organizational goals. The basic purpose of organizational structures is to support organizational hierarchy aimed at a systematic allocation and accomplishment of organizational functions (Dalton, Lawrence & Lorsch, 1991, p. 1). Hence, mostly it is possible to deduct the essential character of any organization and the values it adheres to by simply having a look at its organizational structure (Dalton, Lawrence & Lorsch, 1991, p. 1). Just a couple of decades ago, the organizations focused around a manufacturing mindset wer e affiliated to primarily hierarchical organizational structures which were strictly regimented with regards to facilitating access to information and allocating organizational functions. ... As already said, the bureaucratic structures happened to be strictly hierarchical when it came to managing people. Hence, even in post bureaucratic structures, though the organizations showed a concern for new trends and ideas, still these organizational structures happened to be hierarchical in their approach. The Divisional organizational structures tended to segment the varied functional areas of organizations into divisions (Salaman, 2001). Each division functioned independently and had access to its own resources so as to fulfill the organizational goals allocated to it (Salaman, 2001). Though the divisional organizational structures allowed the organizations to meet the specific needs of each division more systematically, still such structures hampered the sharing and processing of information as the employees in each specific division worked independently (Salaman, 2001). Besides, the inability to benefit from the information retrieved from Metadata servers made the divisional organizational structures utterly unwieldy and costly to operate. Many organizations, especially the large organizations do prefer to opt for functional organizational structures where the organizations are segmented as per the respective functions (Salaman, 2001). Functional organizational structures do have their advantages in the sense that they enhance the efficiency of varied functional groups within organizations, thereby allowing for easy and rapid management of organizational issues and challenges. Yet, functional organizational structures failed to eliminate one serious flaw that was common to divisional structures, which was making way for a free and unhampered sharing of information and data. The modern organizations tried to get over this hurdle by

CRIMINAL LAW COURSEWORK Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CRIMINAL LAW - Coursework Example In the UK, Discrimination Act of 1975 was altered to launch sexual irritation as a type of discrimination in 1986. It mentioned guidelines that if a boss treats someone less favourably on the ground that the defendants have refused and put forward any kind of harassment such as hostile, rape, humiliating and violating a person’s dignity in workplace among others, it would be judged as harassment. As in this case, the Sexual Offences Act, 2003 (SOA) and Sexual offences Act of 1956 are applicable. The Sexual Offence Act of 2003 sets offences for prosecution of proving absence at consent of sec. 1-4. The aforementioned offences are related to a person involved in a sexual activity. Sexual Violence in England often goes unreported by female and male victims. Amnesty International conducted a research, which found that 1/3rd of the public believe that a woman is answerable for being raped if she has behaved in an enticing way. Chances for having parallel mind-set also exist relatin g to what a woman was wearing at the time of harassment, quantity of alcohol that had been consumed and whether or not a woman had said no to the man. Prior to enactment of SOA, there was no as such statutory meaning of consent. Sec. 74 of this act states that a person contents to sexual activity, if he/she agrees to it as an option and holds the liberty and ability to make that choiceii. As per the case, Sec 75 and Sec 76 of SOA will be applicable on the boss, as the petitioner indicted the defendant of having non-consensual sex with the woman after an evening of intense alcoholic drinks. The boss when found guilty for the crime is liable for imprisonment, unless subsection 4 applies, which states that if a person is caught blameworthy under Sec 75 and Sec 76, then he/she will be prone to imprisonment for a period of maximum 6 months or a fine that does not surpass the statutory maximum

International Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Managment - Essay Example Zen meditation is all about focusing, inward, looking at yourself, your own soul and become one with oneself. This experience is a whole new philosophy that anyone can apply to any aspect of one’s life. Zen art has shown me the way, the true way to wisdom and knowledge and I’m not going to stop at any demented or passive thought of abandoning the journey of my life enlightenment. Zen is not just about seeing things as they are; mountains as mountains and rivers as rivers, it is much more than that (Borup, 2008). The second activity worth mentioning is giving an insight to others about my own country, Saudi Arabia. This time, I analyse my country as an outsider and see it in a different light. And show what secrets it holds for the people who are unfamiliar with this land that was once nothing but desert cones. But now the world knows Saudi Arabia as one of the key players in the world energy sector. There is so much more to discover in Saudi Arabia other than deserts an d oil. There is only a little that the world knows about the people of Saudi Arabia, its culture, religion, food, the way people live and communicate with each other, and how recent developments have changed the life of Saudis. This is how it should be; people should recognize a country for its diversity and not for just a specific thing or two. A country is not its products, its natural resources but its people. Activity I: New Cultural Experience The Zen Meditation Impression It would be better to introduce Zen before delving into the details of its meditation. Zen is one of the many schools of Buddhists teachings, called Mahayana Buddhism (Zen.rinnou.net). China was the birthplace of this meditation but now this practice is world popular. Zen is the key to the great wisdom of Asia (Johnston, 2003), an inner art and â€Å"design of the Orient† (Reps & Senzaki, 1998, pp. 17-18). The art of Zen awakens the student to the art of formless (Merton, 1968, pp. 6-7), which also mea ns not pondering at the pointed finger but observing what is being pointed at (Johnson, 2000, pp. 21-22). I have joined the Sydney Zen Center in Annandale, NSW. I’ve attended two gatherings there or more than two hours each. It has turned out to be a great cultural experience for me. I have come to know about the Chinese Buddhist culture and how it resonates in the life of an individual. The Zen philosophy is all about attaining inner peace, also known as enlightenment. The main focus is developing an insight into the Buddhist teachings. So it is not merely reciting some verses, or visiting the temple, it is about applying the principles of Zen in one’s life and seeing how it creates a difference in the everyday living. The first lesson given by the teacher was to defeat duality. I later read in book that the most important lesson of Zen is not to be dualistic (Suzuki, 2010). The feelings I experienced were incredible, I have never felt an inward observation towards my soul. Zen is magical and whoever journey’s it finds whatever they seek (Arokiasamy, 2005). The feelings were mostly of calm and peacefulness as if eliminating the negative energy out of one’s mind and filling it with the pure white energy. This white energy also fills the mind and the eyes, and that is how one starts to feel and see the world differently. The calmness of this energy put me to a state of mind where I stopped resisting and fighting for useless objectives. After the meditation session was over I felt as if we all engage in many

Level 3 Childcare Education Essay Example for Free

Level 3 Childcare Education Essay Describe the initiatives which influence the provision of challenging environments for children (5 marks) There are different types of international, national and local initiatives which influence the provision of challenging environments for children. An example of an initiative is the Forest Schools. ‘A Forest School is an innovative educational approach to outdoor play and learning’ http://www. forestschools. om/what-happens-at-a-forest-school/ Forest schools can influence the provision of a challenging environment, as the teachers can take the children in small groups every week to the local woods to have a better understanding of the outdoor environment and it’s linked to the curriculum. By doing this it enables children to be able to be in a safe environment when exploring and having adventures so they can see what things they can do when they go into the woods next time. It can also help children with problems such as language problems as this allows them to speak about the experience they are having which can then be taken to the classroom and then it could be turned into a story to help the child. When going into the woods it helps to cater the behaviour for the problem children and it also teaches children when they can and can’t mess around. It also focuses on the fundamental aspect of the Forest School innovation educational approach. The Forest School provides ways for meeting learning objectives while developing practical life skills and encouraging child-initiated learning, which is observed and assessed. Lots of young children prefer to be outside than in the classroom environment because they can find it more exciting and they might pay more attention. Word Count- 240

Changing Marketing Strategies of Pharmaceutical Companies

Changing Marketing Strategies of Pharmaceutical Companies Abstract Pharmaceutical companies spend large sums of money in the time-consuming research and development of new drugs and the new classes of drugs. Each company marketing in the US seeks the possible payoff of staggering high profits which is possible on their patented medicines. Because of the lack of price regulation in the marketing environment in the United States, the United States has become a premium sales market targeted by all pharmaceutical companies. This explains the continued willingness of each pharmaceutical company to persist through the entire long process of idea, creation, development, testing, approval, marketing and distribution despite the high possibility of product failure. The pharmaceutical companies have had to additionally contend with more US federal FDA rules, regulation and oversight in the United States for the entire process before receiving clearance to start marketing their drug product. Other influences like HMOs and Social Security cap limits affect prof itability structure. Over the last fifty years newer marketing strategies by pharmaceutical companies on prescription drugs include a directive appeal to the end consumer to increase the odds of making corporate profits and a marketing focus on social and internet interaction. Introduction Pharmaceutical companies produce specialized medical drug material designed to fill a need. These pharmaceutical companies are usually multinational operations located in key countries around the globe. Many have grown to become complete facilities that attempt to do the entire spectrum of research, develop, test and finally market the subject drug in order to reap the whole benefits possible from the entire cycle (Kaitin, 2010). The pharmaceutical industry has shown over time that they have the capability to increase consumer perceived value with their unique drug products using their own successful plans for timely marketing. But because of these old and new factors causing cumulative hurtles, a new trend in marketing in the pharmaceutical industry is now to additionally market direct to the customer, for example: TV advertising spots showing a new superior drug product which has special features making it directly appealing to a consumer. Changes in basic marketing structure tacti cs will be evaluated for the key levels of pressure from these internal and external factors as these pharmaceutical companies seek to address continuing ongoing product failure rates, increasing US regulation and the ever present potential competition from others inside their own industry. This trend has been a natural development over the last hundred years or so. This is reasonable because the same research that produces one drug may produce an entire class of drugs for market. Confidentiality, control, patents and oversight give these pharmaceutical companies the oversight. It also allows each pharmaceutical company to keep maximum control of all their connected environments. And by controlling these the final marketing each company achieve continues the cycle of giving the most control over the drug for the marketing campaign. The drug industry often competes worldwide and on different economic levels but in some specific territorial markets like the United States, pricing structures are not preset by the government and therefore the free market sets its own competitive standards for pricing giving the possibility and most often the probability of higher drug prices with the resultant bigger profit level opportunities. However these are offset by rigorous structural standard guidelines set by the FDA that must be complied with for any drug sold or marketed to the US public. In the past, drug companies in United States, marketed to doctors, hospitals, nursing homes and sometimes middleman companies as transitional handlers of the newest product. Marketing drugs in the United states has now changed as developers are now targeting consumers directly through television spots, online advertising and in print ads. The direct appeal is to make the end point consumer aware of the name of the drug and its benefits. The object is to have the consumer become familiar with the trade name, ask for the drug directly from their doctor thus boosting the initial sales of the new product and creating a ready market. Industry History Marchetti Schellens (2007) outline the structures of development showing it to be complex and expensive. Not only does the potential class or specific drug have to be discovered or created, it has to show promise for certain illness or disease, then pharmaceutical research can proceed through certain phases. Pharmaceutical companies have a history of costly product failures. Generally theres three clinical phrases and all this can take upwards of 15 years to complete. Additionally the FDA has trended over the last decade to creating higher pressures against drug companies by not approving as many new drugs for marketing. The probability odds are that any specific drug in early clinical phase has only 8% chance or less of ever becoming public (Food and Drug Administration, 2006) (Kummar, 2007). In the United States the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has sought to control the drugs available to Americans because of the number of tragedies that have resulted in birth defects o r deaths. The most highly publicized incident was in the mid-1960s and the drug was called thalidomide which for pregnant women often resulted in severe birth defects. As an end result of public outrage creating governmental pressures, the pharmaceutical companies are overseen at all levels and must now successful clinical trials. Lamb(1998) writes that testing protocols have been standardized and once clinical trials are completed there is a analysis period with the end result being an application to the FDA called an NDA ( new drug application) which contains all the technical information. Over the last forty years (1970s -2010) and now in 2011 differential forces are in opposition to the ends of pharmaceutical companies. Environmental and safety issues, new technologies, mergers and the rise of managed care and health maintenance organizations (HMOs) have all effectively changed the environment thats pharmaceutical companies operate in. additionally in 1997 the FDA changed regulations relating to the presentation of risk level. This action in the United States opened the door for pharmaceutical companies to directly market to the public .This freedom for the pharmaceutical companies is offset by the FDA still having oversight surveillance of the specific phases and clinical approval. The FDA must approve the drug. After the drug is marketed there is oversight for continued compliance by the pharmaceutical companies to ensure a low-level of side effects during marketing. Post approval by the FDA comes solely after this period (Silverman, 2011). Pharmaceutical company spending on marketing exceeds that spent on research.[3][22] In 2004 in Canada $1.7 billion a year was spent marketing drugs to physicians and in the United States $21 billion were spent in 2002.[4] In 2005 money spent on pharmaceutical marketing in the US was estimated at $29.9 billion with one estimate as high as $57 billion.[3] When the US number are broken down 56% was free samples, 25% was detailing of physicians, 12.5% was direct to consumer advertising, 4% on hospital detailing, and 2% on journal ads.[4] In the United States approximately $20 billion could be saved if generics were used instead of equivalent brand name products.[3] Although pharmaceutical companies have made large investments in marketing their products, overall promotional spending has been decreasing over the last few years, and declined by 10 percent from 2009 to 2010. Pharmaceutical companies are cutting back mostly in detailing and sampling, while spending in mailings and print advertising grew since last year.[23] Historical Marketing Pharmaceutical companies have employed various methods of marketing their products and this idea can be understood by the phrase â€Å"How would you like to be in an industry where your buyers are uninformed about your product and almost 100 per cent insensitive to its price?† (The Business Edge Consortium, 2010). For many decades this was true. Around the mid 80s this started to change â€Å"The result of these industry conditions was impressive profit growth through the middle of the 1980s. With significant barriers to entry, docile suppliers, powerless buyers, almost no threat of substitutes, and little rivalry, the pharmaceutical industry in the 1980s was just about as perfect an industry as one could imagine. Given its attractiveness, the industry attracted the attention of genetic and molecular biology scientists and the venture capital community, who saw its appeal and thought their revolutionary approaches to drug therapy could attract enough money to overcome the for midable entry barriers the industry enjoyed. Thus, as scientific advances in biotechnology took hold, numerous entrepreneurial companies like Genentech and Amgen were founded to commercialize new scientific breakthroughs. Genentech, the first biotech firm having commercial success, developed a protein that broke up blood clots. Amgens famous molecular biology used recombinant DNA to produce erythropoietin, a hormone that increases the supply of red blood cells in anaemic patients under treatment for cancer and other diseases. By 2000, erythropoietin was generating $2 billion in sales and another $3 billion in licensing revenue for Amgen. Both of these new entrants fared very well in this attractive industry:Genentech went public in 1980, and by 2001 its shares had appreciated 2700 per cent since its IPO. Amgen shares, first offered in 1983, soared more than 16,000 per cent. Starting in the mid-1980s, the barriers to enter the pharmaceutical industry began to show cracks. New legislation made it easier for generic drug companies to enter the market. In the USA, the 1984 Waxman-Hatch Act, which changed the rules for generic drug manufacturers, reduced the barriers to generic entry. Instead of having to prove the generic drugs safety and efficacy, the act required companies only to prove their formulas were equivalent to that of the brandname drug. The subsequent growth in generic drugs was profound. By 1996, generic drugs accounted for more than 40 per cent of pharmaceutical prescriptions. Aside from the influx of generics, the pharmaceutical companies also saw a wave of biotechnology competitors enter their industry Genentech, Amgen and many others suggesting that economies of scale meant less than they used to, and that barriers to entry, while still high in absolute terms, were dropping, thanks in part to the availability of venture capital. Further, the biotech companies new science-focused research model, known as rational drug design, stood the traditional approach to drug discovery on its head. These drug companies worked backwards from known disease biochemistry to identify or design chemical ‘keys to fit the biochemical ‘locks of that disease.† Traditionally they employed very effective strategies that includes educational sponsorship to cover the costs of continuing instruction for top medical personnel, sponsorship of articles in well-respected journal publications, providing free drugs samples to doctors and promotional gifts that include a corporate logo or specifics about a drug the idea behind the promotional marketing is to simply connect the new drug with an old medical symptom and encourage the writers of the prescription to fulfill the marketing cycle. Promantally pharmaceutical samples are still given out to doctors as a promotion and marketing tactic and it works (Alexander, Zhang Basu, 2008). A few generations ago these forms of marketing worked well for the pharmaceutical companies. However circumstances have changed. The FDA seeks to discourage the intimate connection between pharmaceutical companies and their pharmaceutical representatives is the connection to the doctors prescribing medicines, these days d octors see more patients and fewer pharmacy drug representatives, additionally there is a continuing trend by hospitals, doctors and pharmacies towards being conservative in their recommendations and prescriptions because of lawsuits of all kinds (Pharmaceutical Industry History, 2007). Medical drug malpractice suits in the US are rising. Fiscus (2008) writes that â€Å" In the United States, the growing use of DTC advertising has raised challenges to one of the strongest defenses available to drug manufacturers against failure to warn allegations in product liability suits for prescription drugs and medical devices: the learned intermediary doctrine. Under this doctrine, a manufacturer fulfills its duty to warn by adequately informing a learned intermediary, typically a physician.† Current Marketing .In 2010 the global pharmaceutical market is worth over 825 million with a large percentage of this comes from newer and mature drug products and there are over 100,000 health-related websites (The Business Edge Consortium, 2010). The statistics show that marketing by pharmaceutical companies is changing because of external pressures. There has been a dramatic rise in U.S. physicians routinely using d the web to check or research information making the relevance of digital promotion all the more important Pharmaceutical companies have risen to the changing challenge of Internet marketing and now promote and advertise doctor friendly physician and customer service online portals like PubMed, the U.S. National Library of Medicine, National, and Physicians Interactive (Kaitin, 2010). Pharmaceutical marketers are relying more on connecting digital medical information to their target audience through focused marketing, interactive social media campaigns, and cell and mobile linked advertising all targeted to connect to the 145 million + U.S. adults who go online for health answers . The old saying â€Å" time is money† is accurate in the case of pharmaceutical companies as it takes upwards of 15 years to develop a potential drug which only has a 8% probability of getting out of trials and going to market. Therefore it is a necessity to carefully control costs and expenses where possible. One major area of expense has been having marketing representatives which were costing out as high as15 to 20% of a pharmaceutical companies annual drug product revenues. As pharmaceutical company overall expenses and costs have additionally escalated over the last few generations there is a need to reduce expenses down where possible. So the switch from costly pharmaceutical representatives to cheaper graphic marketing is easily understood. Finkelstein (1997) wrote that Competitive and technological changes in the pharmaceutical industry-from powerful new drug chemistries to innovative RD partnerships and marketing plans-are reshaping the business strategies of many phar maceutical and biotechnology companies Given these cost pressures it is understandable that the pharmaceutical companies are looking for better ways to market their drugs. The newest strategy is now to promote what is known as marketing blockbuster medical drugs directly to the consumer public. The idea was to empower the consumer. Right now only the United States and New Zealand allow pharmaceutical products promoted by DTC (Pharmaceutical Drug Manufacturers, 2011). When an individual consumer requests information and the medicine by name by their Doctor some of the responsibility while also applying pressure on the doctor to prescribe the new medicine. Additionally both the small and large pharmaceutical companies are now using digital media to promote their products. From TV and cable to Internet ads consumers are constantly being made aware of the virtues and minor drawbacks of a number specific pharmaceutical drugs. The reasoning behind this strategy by the pharmaceutical companies is relatively simple, if they can promote their products and make its trade name and cure synonymous with the ongoing medical complaint in the publics mind, then they can create momentum utilizing the end customer. Another reason for doing this is to get any of their major blockbuster drugs to pay for the company costs for their other company made drugs sold in smaller volumes Another reason for marketing these blockbuster drugs as to make a success of these drugs synonymous with the company name creating consumer goodwill towards the next product. The latest trend is for reduction in the number of blockbuster drugs and pharmaceutical companies delvin g back into their former research to find potential missing new specialized drugs, .this can be seen clearly by the reduction in applications to the FDA showing ever reducing numbers of new drugs. Another complication that pharmaceutical companies must contend with is the ever-growing number of over-the-counter substitutes (OTCs) that the consumers choose to purchase as an alternative. Over a period of 20 years Naprosyn was widely prescribed as an arthritis remedy but now is available as an over-the-counter drug. A whole spectrum of drugs from arthritis to antihistamines are now available without prescription providing relief to customers but adding little to the economic bottom line of pharmaceutical companies that originally developed these drugs. Another complication in drug marketing is the force exerted by HMOs on doctors and what doctors prescribe .Generally the majority of HMOs are not big on covering high prescription costs for new medicines recently brought to market. The economics are easily understandable because it is not about a single client which needs a single drug but the numbers are multiplied by the potential hundreds of thousands. Therefore HMOs seek to be conservative. And because of that they create a potential customer roadblock for pharmaceutical companies with the new drug on the market at a very high price. Because of the HMO will not cove r the price then the customer must, which generally means the consumer settles for less than the newest product. managed care organizations (MCO), compared with 5 per cent of the US population covered in 1980. These MCOs typically provided full coverage for prescription drugs. But, because of their sheer mass, these institutions had considerable bargaining power with drug companies If present industry overview is taken into consideration then the global pharmaceutical market in 2010 is projected to grow 4 6% exceeding $825 billion. The global pharmaceutical market sales is expected to grow at a 4 7% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) through 2013. This industry growth is driven by stronger near-term growth in the US market and is based on the global macroeconomy, the changing combination of innovative and mature products apart from the rising influence of healthcare access and funding on market demand. Global pharmaceutical market value is expected to expand to $975+ billion by 2013. Different regions of the world will influence the pharmaceutical industry trends in different ways. http://www.da-group.co.uk/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=31%3Amicro-and-macro-environmentscatid=2%3Amarketing-lecturesItemid=3 CURRENT CHALLENGES FOR THE RESEARCH-BASED INDUSTRY To understand why â€Å"business as usual† is no longer an option for the research-based drug industry, it is worth considering some of the myriad challenges that drug companies currently face. At the top of the list is the upcoming onslaught of patent expirations of many highrevenue- generating branded medicines. Between 2009 and 2012, worldwide sales for these products will exceed $112 billion (Table 1). Included in this list are 36 blockbusters (drugs with annual sales of $1 billion or more). Some important examples include Singulair (montelukast), with more than $4 billion in annual sales (patent expiration in 2012); Plavix (clopidogrel), with more than $8 billion in annual sales (patent expiration in 2011); and Lipitor (atorvastatin), with an industry-leading $13.7 billion in annual sales (patent expiration in 2010). Given that only 3 in 10 new products, on average, generate revenues equal to or greater than average industry RD costs,1 the loss of patent protection on the se blockbusters represents a very real threat to the industrys ability to sustain its own growth. Without question, many of the large pharma mergers and acquisitions announced in 2009 reflect the industrys desire to avoid the imminent danger of the patent cliff, rather than an interest in enhancing RD capabilities or scope. The current environment for innovation presents formidable economic, regulatory, and political challenges for the research-based pharmaceutical industry. In particular, the growing time, cost, and risk related to drug development are stubborn obstacles to filling industry pipelines and boosting the output of new pharmaceutical and biological products. Presented here is a model of an innovation network. Although structures may vary, the innovation network offers the best mechanism to ensure viability and economic success for all sectors of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry, as well as the uninterrupted flow of innovative lifesaving and life-improving medicines for waiting patients. The Rise of Contract Research Organizations Clinical trials are administered by investigators at hospitals, academic institutions or managed sites. The investigators find and enroll healthy and symptomatic volunteers, each of whom is required to sign an informed consent acknowledging acceptance of the drug and its potential side effects. The testing protocol and informed consent form are monitored by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in the sites where the trials are conducted. In essence, the IRB acts as an ethics committee to ensure the safety of patients and volunteers. Once clinical trials are completed, the data are subjected to biostatistical analysis over a 6 to 12 month period.3 If the data yield promising results, the sponsor seeks final approval though a New Drug Application (NDA). The NDA must contain all scientific information the sponsor has gathered and typically fills 100,000 pages or more.4 During the review period, the FDA assesses the safety and effectiveness of th e drug, the manufacturing process, and the risk-benefit calculus.5 By law, the FDA has 180 days to either approve the application or notify the sponsor of the opportunity to request a hearing on the merits of the application.6 In practice, however, the FDA review process takes more than two years; in 1996, for example, the mean approval time for NDAs was 17.8 months, down from over 30 months during the late 1980s.7 Following approval, the FDA may require additional post-market research. Post-market surveillance regulations require the sponsor to collect and periodically report additional safety and efficacy data.8 In addition, the FDA may request further clinical research (Phase IV) to find new uses for the drug, test dosage formulations, compare the drug to competitors treatments, and assess long-term effects.9 Finally, pharmaceutical Conclusions A continuous call for ethical standards by pharmaceutical companies that market in the United States is often put aside because company marketing and business model of making profits matter more.(Pharmaceutical Drug Manufacturer, 2011). Brezis (2008) writes that the US public will lose out in the long run because the pharmaceutical companies are more focused on marketing and profits than about public health. Drug trial deaths still happen and have been described as a trade secret. It is not just one of the big pharmaceutical companies by Johnson Johnson, Merick and others whose own safety documents raise concerns that are buried in stacks of papers while marketing continues (Brezis, 2008). But this is offset by the ability of both the doctor and patient to use the Internet to search out the detailed information and become truly informed. Each of them can then make an informed decision about the benefits and potential drawbacks of using pharmaceuticals.